In favor of negative utilitarianism: Prioritizing the reduction of suffering

Utilitarianism is an ethical theory proposing that the best action is the one that maximizes well-being or happiness for the greatest number. However, a variant of this theory, negative utilitarianism, emphasizes reducing suffering rather than maximizing happiness. This article explores the advantages and moral justifications of negative utilitarianism, highlighting the importance of reducing the suffering of those who suffer the most.

What is Negative Utilitarianism?

Negative utilitarianism is an ethical approach that focuses on minimizing suffering rather than maximizing happiness. Unlike classical utilitarianism, which considers each unit of happiness and suffering as having equal weight, negative utilitarianism gives moral priority to reducing suffering. This approach is based on the idea that suffering has a deeper and more urgent impact on individuals' quality of life than the lack of happiness.

Reasons to Favor Negative Utilitarianism The Prevalence and Intensity of Suffering

Human suffering is ubiquitous and often intense. Diseases, poverty, natural disasters, and conflicts are major sources of suffering in the world. Negative utilitarianism recognizes that suffering can have devastating effects on individuals and communities. By focusing on reducing suffering, this approach aims to improve the living conditions of those most affected.

The Moral Asymmetry Between Happiness and Suffering

Several philosophers argue that there is a moral asymmetry between happiness and suffering. From this perspective, suffering is inherently worse than happiness is good. Therefore, it is morally more urgent to reduce suffering than to increase happiness. This idea is supported by intuitive and empirical arguments showing that experiences of suffering are often more intense and longer-lasting than those of happiness.

Reducing Suffering as the Basis of a Just Society

Negative utilitarianism can be seen as a solid foundation for a just society. By focusing on reducing suffering, public policies and individual actions can be directed towards helping the most vulnerable and deprived. This approach encourages a more equitable distribution of resources and opportunities, ensuring that no one is left behind.

Applying Negative Utilitarianism: A Leveling Down Approach

The practical application of negative utilitarianism involves a leveling down strategy, where efforts are made to reduce the suffering of the most affected individuals. Here are some examples of this approach: Public Health Policies

Public health policies based on negative utilitarianism emphasize combating diseases that cause the most suffering. For instance, priority could be given to preventing and treating chronic diseases and severe infections rather than improving the quality of life for already healthy individuals. Humanitarian Aid and International Development

Humanitarian aid and international development programs can be directed towards the most suffering regions and populations. Emphasis could be placed on providing basic needs such as clean water, food, healthcare, and education to reduce the suffering caused by extreme poverty and conflicts. Social Justice and Resource Redistribution

A society founded on negative utilitarianism would seek to reduce inequalities by redistributing resources to the most deprived individuals. Progressive tax policies, social protection programs, and initiatives to support marginalized populations would be effective ways to reduce suffering.

Conclusion

Negative utilitarianism offers a compelling ethical perspective that emphasizes reducing suffering as a moral priority. By focusing on those who suffer the most, this approach proposes a leveling down strategy aimed at improving the human condition in a more equitable and just manner. In a world where suffering is pervasive, negative utilitarianism represents a promising path to building a more compassionate and supportive society.